There is no damage a blown turbo can cause to the engine.
Usually - the bearings die first, which makes the turbo sound aweful and not spool, but that just robs you of power until you can get it replaced - no biggie.
Alternatively - the exhaust turbine can break up - that's the turbine in the exhaust stream that experiences extreme temperatures & can and has failed on rare occasion. All that does is throw chunks of turbine blades down to your catalitic converter in the downpipe - once again, no biggie. They'll dump the chunks out when they remove the pipe to replace the turbo.
Even if - and I've never heard of this happening
EVER - but even if the compressor turbine flew apart - the chunks would get caught inside the intercooler & never make it into the engine to cause problems.
Anecdotally - I had my 05 XT up to 65k miles and had nearly every form of engine modification - stage 2 ecu mods, headers, uppipe, downpipe, full cat-back exhaust, air intake, intercooler...all since about 10k miles. The turbo was alive and well at 65k with no early signs of problems. Many owners have much the same experience well into the 100k+ miles.
In summary - don't worry about the turbo. Do your regular maintenance & enjoy your car.
